Google gathers information mostly trough Sitemaps and RSS feeds. If the crawlers (bots) didn't get a date when trying to retrieve information, Google is clever enough to analyse the page content. Particularly if dates are marked up with the help of microformats, such as the example below.
<abbr class="published" title="2010-08-27T15:45:00-0700">
Friday, August 27th, 2010
</abbr>
Google will see this as the authentic published date for an article that it is contained within.
I really can't read what's on the screenshot because I don't speak the language, but if this is a screenshot of your personal CSE instead (Google's Custom Search Engine) , it's most likely that the date is not showing up due to the style/theme applied for that specific CSE.
Some CSE themes show dates and other information, others don't.
